Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects communication, social interaction, and behavior. It is a spectrum disorder, meaning that there is a wide range of severity and presentation.
High functioning autism is a term used to describe individuals on the autism spectrum who have average to above-average intelligence and good communication skills, but still exhibit the characteristic symptoms of autism. In this article, we will explore what high functioning autism is, its symptoms, and the challenges faced by individuals with this condition.
What is High Functioning Autism?
Characteristics of High Functioning Autism
Individuals with high functioning autism typically have average to above-average intelligence, but they may struggle with social communication, sensory processing, and executive functioning. Let’s delve deeper into these challenges:
- Social Communication Difficulties: Social communication difficulties can manifest in various ways. Individuals with high functioning autism may have trouble understanding nonverbal cues, such as body language and facial expressions. They may also struggle with social norms, finding it challenging to initiate and maintain conversations. Perspective-taking, or understanding the thoughts and feelings of others, can be a particular challenge for them.
- Sensory Processing Difficulties: Sensory processing refers to how our brains interpret and respond to sensory stimuli from the environment. Individuals with high functioning autism may experience over- or under-reactivity to sensory input. They may be hypersensitive or hyposensitive to sounds, touch, taste, or smell, which can significantly impact their daily lives.
- Executive Functioning Difficulties: Executive functioning encompasses skills such as planning, organization, and flexible thinking. Individuals with high functioning autism may struggle with these aspects. They may find it challenging to plan and organize tasks, adapt to changes, and think flexibly when faced with unexpected situations.
- Sensory Sensitivities:Many individuals with high-functioning autism have heightened sensitivity to sensory inputs. They might find certain lights, sounds, textures, or smells overwhelming, leading to discomfort or distress in environments that others may find tolerable.
- Difficulty with Change:Resistance to change is another common characteristic. Individuals may prefer routines and consistent environments and can become upset or anxious when unexpected changes occur. They may need advance notice to prepare and adapt to new situations or alterations in their schedule.
- Communication Difficulties:Despite often having average to above-average verbal skills, individuals with high-functioning autism may have trouble with non-verbal communication. They might find it hard to make eye contact, understand facial expressions, or use gestures and tone of voice effectively to convey their emotions or intentions.
Diverse Profiles and Talents
Examples of individuals with high functioning autism can vary widely. Some may excel in academics, particularly in fields like math or science, but struggle with social interactions. They may have a deep interest in a specific topic or subject, such as trains or dinosaurs, and possess an impressive ability to recall extensive information about it. However, they might find transitions or unexpected changes to their routine challenging.
Others may display talents in areas like music or art, yet face difficulties expressing themselves verbally or understanding social cues. Each person’s profile is unique, and their strengths and challenges may differ.
Underdiagnosis and Late Diagnosis
Research suggests that high functioning autism may be underdiagnosed, particularly in females. Historically, the diagnostic criteria for autism have been based on a male presentation of the disorder, resulting in potential missed diagnoses in females. Additionally, many individuals with high functioning autism may not receive a diagnosis until later in life. They may have compensated for their difficulties or received misdiagnoses for conditions such as anxiety or depression.
Conclusion
High functioning autism is a form of autism spectrum disorder in which individuals have average to above-average intelligence and good communication skills. However, they still face challenges with social communication, sensory processing, and executive functioning. Understanding the characteristics and experiences of individuals with high functioning autism is crucial for promoting acceptance, support, and inclusive environments that enable them to thrive.
Also read: At What Age can Autism be Diagnosed?
About Olga Sirbu
My name is Olga Sirbu, I am a Board Certified Behavior Analyst (BCBA) and Licensed Applied Behavioral Analyst. My goal is to support and empower families and individuals on the autism spectrum.
Autism Advance is dedicated to training parents and caregivers, providing practical tips, and teaching individuals how to educate kids with autism.
I share evidence-based practices to help you better understand and support individuals with autism. Learn practical strategies to help individuals with autism reach their full potential, as well as gain a deeper understanding and acceptance of autism.
Thank you for considering Autism Advance as a resource for your autism journey.